• Low VAT rate at 6%.
• Film rental charges set by order of Ministry for Trade.
• Cinema dependent on the country’s three communities.
• Low-key regulation (no regulations on block-booking, no attempt to regulate intervals before first releases).
• Some specific subsidization of exhibitors on occasion.

Results of State intervention

• Negligible effect as there is very little direct intervention, apart from on rental charges.

• Ceiling on film rental charges for small exhibitors.
• Funding for investment in modernization, especially sound equipment.
• Funding for exhibition (in-house activities).
• No special subsidies to arthouse cinemas.
• Funding for production and distribution.

• Effective support for cinema modernization.
• Failure to halt slide in cinema numbers, partially offset by near-capacity admission levels.
• Average admissions per inhabitant close to European average.
• No arthouse sector however.

• Regulation of intervals before first showings on tv/video.
• Tax on admissions ("TSA" = 11.5% of ticket price) and on turnover (4.5%) of television networks, with proceeds going to the cinema support fund, of which a part is used for exhibition (cinema modernization...).
• Minimum and maximum film rental levels - between 25% and 50% of net receipts.
• Print subsidies.
• Special subsidies for the arthouse sector.

•  20% of screens are owned and managed by local authorities.

• "TSA" tax in favour of distribution and production.

Results of State intervention

• A decisive contribution alongside the circuits towards modernization of cinemas.
• Support for keeping cinemas open, including in low population density areas.
• Maintenance of significant national production levels in terms of number of films, although the average earning capacity of domestic product is lower than that of non-EC product.
• Average admissions per inhabitant are slightly above the European average, but not significantly higher.
• Arthouse sector performs well.

• Federal subsidies (national film institute), and especially funding from Länder.
• 2% tax on net receipts.

• Interest-free loans to exhibitors.
• Funding for renovation.
• Funding for print publishing.
• Subsidies to exhibition for specialized programming.
• Subsidies to production and exhibition.

Results

• Maintenance of number of cinemas, including in low population density areas.
• Major domestic production levels, although about 25% of German product never goes on theatrical release.

• Very little intervention in favour of exhibition.

Results of State intervention

• Negligible because very little specific action taken.

• No specific measures in support of exhibition; no programming quotas, no regulations on film rental or the issue of exclusivity.

Results of State intervention

• No results as no specific intervention in exhibition.

• No specific legislation on vertical or horizontal integration of service.
• Intervals before first release: video 8 months; pay-TV 12 months; TV 24 months.
• Tax breaks for cinemas programming at least 25% Italian or EC product per quarter.
• Specific subsidies for arthouse cinemas (exhibition and investment).

• Delays in State subsidies to arthouse sector and exhibitors’ Associations.

Results of State intervention

• Performance of arthouse sector matches European average.

• No specific measures in support of exhibition; no programming quotas, no regulations on film rental or the issue of exclusivity.
• On the other hand, arthouse cinemas receive specific funding from local authorities.

Results of State intervention

• No results as no specific intervention in exhibition.
• Arthouse cinemas perform well, with a market share above the European average (non-commercial arthouse cinemas).

• Funding for cinema renovation: levy for subsidies to exhibitors.
• Programming quotas have been dropped.
• Tax on admissions (used to finance Portuguese Cinema Institute) also dropped in 1981.

Results of State intervention

• Major modernization effort, still insufficient but has resulted in increased attendance per inhabitant.

• Regulated admissions and aid to box-office (covering equipment and programming).
• Quotas for European product in schedules (1 day of European product for every 2 days of non-European product).
• Restrictions on commercial television showings: 2 years after first cinema release before first showing on a private channel - reduced to 6 months for coproductions).
• Automatic and selective subsidies and state participation.
• Funding for cinema renovation in rural areas.

Results of State intervention

• A major modernization effort partly absorbed by State help
• Very high box-office levels for European product compared to other European countries
• Offset by reduced profitability of exhibition, which frightens off investment in modernization

• No specific measures in support of exhibition; no programming quotas, no regulations on film rental or the issue of exclusivity.

Results of State intervention

• No results as no specific intervention in exhibition.